Festuca arundinacea
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Curculigo orchioides       This product is the dried rhizome of the Amaryllidaceae plant Curculigo orchioides gaertn. .
      [properties] this product is cylindrical, slightly curved, 3-10cm long, 0.4-1.2cm in diameter. The surface is brown to brown, rough, with fine pore shaped fibrous root marks and transverse wrinkles. . The smell is slightly fragrant, and the taste is slightly bitter and pungent.
      [identification] (1) cross section of this product: 3-10 rows of cork cells. The cortex is broad, with occasional root trace vascular bundles. Some cells at the outer edge of the cortex contain calcium oxalate crystals. The endothelial layer was evident. The central column vascular bundle is of wood type and outer tough type, scattered. .
      (2) Take 2G of this product powder, add 20ml of ethanol, heat and reflux for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 1ml of ethyl acetate to dissolve the residue, and take the supernatant as the test solution. In addition, take the curculin reference substance and add ethyl acetate to make a solution containing 0.1mg per 1ml as the reference substance solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 2 µ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use ethyl acetate methanol formic acid (10:1:0.1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, and spray a mixed solution of 2% potassium ferricyanide solution -2% ferric chloride solution (1:1). In the chromatogram of the test sample, the same blue spots appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [inspection] the impurity (fibrous root and reed head) shall not exceed 4% (general rule 2301).
      Moisture   Not more than 13.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Total ash   Not more than 10.0% (general rule 2302).
      Acid insoluble ash   Not more than 2.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), the use of ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 7.0%.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test   ; The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid solution (21:79); The detection wavelength was 285nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 3000 according to the curculide peak.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of curculin reference substance, accurately weigh it, add methanol to make a solution containing 70 µ g per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 1g of this product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh it precisely, add 50ml of methanol precisely, weigh it, heat and reflux for 2 hours, take it out, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake it well, and filter it. .
      Assay   Precisely suck 10 µ l of the control solution and 10 µ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      The content of curculin (c22h26o11) in this product shall not be less than 0.10% according to the calculation of dry product.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] remove impurities, wash, segment and dry.
      This product is a thick piece or segment of quasi circular or irregular shape, and its outer skin is brown to brown, rough, and some can see vertical and horizontal wrinkles and fine pore shaped fibrous root marks. . The smell is slightly fragrant, and the taste is slightly bitter and pungent.
      [content determination] the content of curculin (c22h26o11) in the same medicinal material shall not be less than 0.080%.
      [identification] (except for the cross section) [inspection] (except for impurities) [extract] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] pungent, hot; Toxic. It belongs to kidney, liver and spleen meridians.
      [functions and indications] Tonify Kidney Yang, strengthen muscles and bones, and dispel cold and dampness. It is used for impotence with cold essence, flaccid bones and muscles, cold pain in the waist and knees, and cold diarrhea due to Yang deficiency.
      [usage and dosage] 3 ～ 10g.
      [storage] put it in a dry place to prevent mold and moth.

2、
Rhizome containsCurculidin（curculigoside）A、CurculidinB， Lichenolglucoside, lichenol-3-xyloglucoside, curculigosaponin a, B, C, D, e, F, K, l, m, curculigine a, B, C, curculigenin a, B, C, curculigol, yuccagenin, 5,7-dimethoxymyricetin-3-o - α - l-xylopyranosyl (4 → 1) -o- β - d-glucopyranoside (5,7-dimethoxymyricetin-3-o - α - l-xylopyranosyl (4 → 1) -o- β - d-glucopyranoside). It also contains nitrogen-containing compounds: lycorine, n-acetyl-n-hydroxy-2-carbamic acid methyl ester, 3-acetyl-5-methyl ester 2h-3, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydro-1-oxa-2, 3, 5, 6-tetrazine (3-acetyl-5-carbomethoxy-2h -- 3, 4, 5, 6-tetcmlibahydro-1-oxa-2, 3, 5, 6-tetcmlibazazine), n, n, N', n'- tetramethylsuccinamide. It also contains cycloartenol,β - sitosterol（β-sitosterol），Stigmasterol（stigmasterol）， Hentcmlibiacontanol, as well as a variety of long-chain aliphatic compounds: 3-methoxy-5-acetyl-31-tcmlibicontene, 21-hydroxytetcmlibacontan-20-one, 4-methylheptadecanoicacid, 27-hydroxytcmlibiacontan-6-one, 23-hydroxytriacontan-6- ketone (23-hydroxytcmlibiacontan-6-one), 4-acetyl-2-methoxy-5-methyltcmlibiacontane, 25-hydroxy-33-methylpentatcmlibiacontan-6-one.

3、 Pharmacological action of Curculigo orchioides
1. effect on immune function: 1.1. effect on macrophage phagocytosis: mice were given a 70% alcohol extract of Curculigo orchioides at 10, 20g/kg, once a day for 7 consecutive days. On the fifth day after administration, 2ml of 0.4% liver glycogen was injected intraperitoneally, and 1ml of 2% chicken red blood cell suspension was injected intraperitoneally 1 hour after the last administration. The mice were sacrificed 2 hours later. The phagocytic function was determined according to the literature (Zhang yunfen et al., Journal of Beijing Medical College 1979). The results showed that Festuca arundinacea could significantly increase the phagocytic percentage and phagocytic index of peritoneal macrophages in mice compared with the control group.

1.2. effect on the percentage of T lymphocytes in normal and immunosuppressed mice: the percentage of T lymphocytes in mice was determined by esterase method (Chinese Medical Journal 1980, Department of embryology, Nanjing Railway Medical College). .

1.3. the water extract of Curculigo orchioides can promote antibody production and prolong its efficacy. Curculioside can promote macrophage proliferation and improve its phagocytic function, which can be considered to enhance immune function.

2. effects on the central nervous system: 2.1. effects on the sleep time of sodium pentobarbital: 30 minutes after intraperitoneal injection of citronellol extract 10g / kg, mice were intraperitoneally injected with sodium pentobarbital 40mg / kg, and the sleep time of mice was recorded. Results the average sleep time of mice in the administration group and the control group (normal saline) were 304.9 ± 24.2 and 63.4 ± 11.6 (minutes), respectively. It is proved that Curculigo orchioides can significantly prolong sleep time (p< 0.001).

2.2. effect on the convulsive effect of picrotoxin: the mice were injected intraperitoneally with 200mg / kg picrotoxin 30 minutes after the intraperitoneal injection of Orchardgrass, and the latency time of clonic convulsion in mice was recorded. . It is suggested that Curculigo orchioides can significantly delay the latency of seizures in mice induced by picrotoxin.

2.3. the intraperitoneal injection of the alkaloid contained in Curculigo orchioides, 5mg/kg, can significantly prolong the latency of its conditioned reflex, so that the positive conditioned reflex partially disappears and then recovers. The injection of 2mg/kg to mice has a significant sedative effect. The dose of 12mg/kg can prolong the hypnotic time of pentobarbital, and has significant analgesic and antipyretic effects.

. The drug group (decoction) was administered by gavage according to 1ml / 100g body weight, twice a day for 5 days. The control group was gavaged with the same amount of normal saline. On the sixth day, the animals were treated. Under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia, 1ml of blood was taken from the abdominal aorta, and the plasma was separated for plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) determination. The anterior pituitary, uterus and ovary were removed and weighed, and the ovary was immediately put into the frozen Tris HCl buffer for the determination of chorionic gonadotropin / luteinizing hormone receptor. The results showed that the weight of anterior pituitary, ovary and uterus of rats in the Xianmao and other Yang invigorating and kidney invigorating herbs were significantly increased compared with those in the control group (p< 0.01); However, the level of luteinizing hormone in plasma did not change; .

3.2. effect of pituitary gland response to luteinizing hormone in ovariectomized rats: the experimental design refers to the method of johnsonjh and daviscl (1981). Thirty five adult healthy female rats weighing 150-200g were selected and bilateral ovaries were removed under ether anesthesia. One week later, they were randomly divided into 8 groups, 7 groups were the corresponding medication groups, and 1 group was the control group. ; The control group received the same amount of normal saline. At 8 a.m. on the sixth day, anesthesia (50mg / kg) was injected subcutaneously with sodium pentobarbital. After 30 minutes, 0.4ml of blood (heparin anticoagulation) was drawn from the abdominal vein, and then d-c-luteinizing hormone (100ng/100g body weight) was injected from the saphenous vein. At 30 and 90 minutes after the injection of luteinizing hormone, 0.4ml of blood was taken from the abdominal vein. After centrifugation for three times, the plasma of the blood sample was reserved for luteinizing hormone determination to determine the pituitary response to luteinizing hormone secretion after injection of luteinizing hormone. The results showed that the level of plasma luteinizing hormone was very low in all groups of animals under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. After injection of d-c-luteinizing hormone, the level of plasma luteinizing hormone in the control group increased to 22.25ng/ml at 30 minutes and 18.50ng/ml at 90 minutes. However, the secretion of luteinizing hormone in the pituitary of rats taking Xianmao and other Yang invigorating and kidney nourishing herbs increased significantly after injection of luteinizing hormone. The plasma luteinizing hormone level in the Xianmao group was 55.90ng / ml at 90 minutes after injection, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (p< 0.01).

4. androgen like effect: Sixteen male rats weighing 60-90g were selected, and the testes on both sides were excised. On the seventh day after the operation, they were divided into two groups, which were respectively gavaged with 70% alcohol extract of Orchardgrass 10g / kg and normal saline, once a day for 21 days. On the day after the last administration, the animals were sacrificed, and the seminal vesicles were dissected out and weighed. Results the seminal vesicle weight of rats in the Orchardgrass group and the control group were 0.116 ± 0.009 and 0.0679 ± 0.003mg / g body weight, respectively, with significant difference (p< 0.01). It indicates that Curculigo orchioides has androgen like effect.

. Results the survival time of mice in the 20 g / kg, 40 g / kg and control groups were 28.8 ± 1.14, 33.6 ± 1.19 and 26.8 ± 0.77 (min, X ± SE), respectively. Festuca arundinacea 40g / kg had obvious anti hypoxia effect (p< 0.001).

5.2. anti hyperthermia effect: mice were intraperitoneally injected with 70% alcohol extract of Curculigo orchioides 10g / kg. After 30 minutes, they were placed in a 45 ± 1 ℃ incubator, and the mortality of mice in each group was recorded by taking half of the total number of mice in the drug group and the control group as the boundary. Results among the 20 mice in the Curculigo orchioides group, 5 died (mortality force 25%), while among the 20 mice in the control group, 14 died (mortality rate 70%), and the difference between the two groups was significant (p< 0.05). It shows that Curculigo orchioides has anti high temperature effect.

6. anti inflammatory effect: mice were intraperitoneally injected with 70% alcohol extract of Curculigo orchioides 10g / kg, cortisone 50mg / kg and normal saline, and the inflammation was induced by croton oil 30 minutes after administration. Results the ear swelling degree of mice in the Orchardgrass group, cortisone group and control group were 9.25 ± 1.23mg, 4.1 ± 1.35mg and 14 ± 1.04mg, respectively, indicating that Orchardgrass had a significant inhibitory effect on experimental inflammation in mice (p< 0.05).

7. effect on Na (+), K (+) - ATPase activity of erythrocyte membrane: mice were gavaged with 12% water decoction of Chinese tonic herbs such as Curculigo orchioides, 6G / kg, once a day, for 10 days. The control group was given equal volume of water. . The results showed that the activities of Na (+), K (+) - ATPase could be increased by the tonic drugs such as Curculigo.

8. antibacterial effect: 100% decoction can inhibit Shigella flexneri, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei with the method of digging trenches on a flat plate.

9. anti tumor effect: the acetone extract of Curculigo orchioides has inhibitory effect on Ehrlich ascites solid tumor. .

10. other effects: Citronella water extract can dilate coronary artery and strengthen heart. Intravenous injection of 6g/kg to rabbits with bradyarrhythmia can significantly increase the heart rate, significantly reduce the number of mutant cells, inhibit the activity of purine system convertase by about 20%, and cholecystokinin by about 80%, and cause hypothyroidism. The level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the patient's serum increases when the level of cyclic guanosine monophosphate decreases, decreases when the level of cyclic guanosine monophosphate increases, and the ratio of cyclic adenosine monophosphate / cyclic guanosine monophosphate tends to be normal. .