Aristolochia
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Aristolochia       This product is the dried and mature fruit of Aristolochia contorta bge. or Aristolochia debilis sieb. et zucc., a plant of Aristolochiaceae. The fruit is harvested when it turns from green to yellow in autumn and is dry.
      [properties] the product is oval, 3-7cm long and 2-4cm in diameter. The surface is yellowish green, grayish green or brown, with 12 longitudinal edges, and most transverse parallel veinlets are separated from the edges. The top is flat and blunt, and the base has a slender fruit stalk. The pericarp is light and brittle, easily split into 6 petals, and the fruit stalk is also split into 6 pieces. . The fruit is divided into 6 chambers, with most seeds in each chamber, stacked neatly. The seeds are flat and thin, pure triangular or fan-shaped, 6-10mm long and 8-12mm wide, with wings on the edge and light brown. It has special flavor and slightly bitter taste.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is yellowish brown. There are many reticulate cells in the seed wing, which are oblong or polygonal, with a length diameter of 15 ～ 110 μ M. the pits are large and intertwined into a network. The seed coat sclerenchyma cells are patchy, quasi round or irregular, brownish yellow, 9-25 μ m in length and diameter, extremely thick wall, and often contain calcium oxalate small square crystals in the cell cavity. . The sclerenchyma cells of the fruit septum are arranged in a cross arrangement of the upper and lower layers. The cells in one layer are spindle shaped or long spindle shaped, and the cells on the other side are rectangular or irregular, with a slightly thick wall and punctate pits.
      (2) Take 3G of this product powder, add 50ml of ethanol, heat and reflux for 1 hour, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 5ml of ethanol to dissolve the residue as the test solution. Another 3G of Aristolochia Aristolochia reference medicinal material was prepared into the reference medicinal material solution by the same method. Then take aristolochic acid I reference substance and add ethanol to make a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml as the reference solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 5 μ l of each of the above three solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate respectively, make them into strips, use the upper solution of toluene ethyl acetate water formic acid (20:10:1:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and view under the ultraviolet light (365mn). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color are displayed at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control medicinal material and the chromatogram of the control sample.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] Aristolochia Aristolochia   Remove impurities and screen out dust.
      Aristolochia honey   Remove the Aristolochia, rub it into pieces, and stir fry it according to the honey roasting method (general rule 0213) until it is not sticky.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter, slightly cold. Return to lung and large intestine channels.
      [functions and indications] clear lung and reduce Qi, relieve cough and asthma, clear intestine and eliminate hemorrhoids. It is used for cough and asthma due to lung heat, blood in sputum, intestinal heat and hemorrhoids, swelling and pain of hemorrhoids.
      [usage and usage] 3-9g.
      [note] this product contains aristolochic acid, which can cause adverse reactions such as kidney damage; Use with caution for children and the elderly; .
      [storage] put it in a dry place.


2、 Chemical constituents of Aristolochia
Fruits and seeds containAristolochicid a、aristolochic acidC、aristolochic acidD，β - sitosterol（β-sitosterol）、 AristolochicacidMagnoliane（magnoflorine）、 Debilicacid, et al.

3、 Pharmacological effects of Aristolochia
1. effect on respiratory system: 1.1. antitussive effect: 1.1.1. the mice were given codeine phosphate 60mg/kg, Aristolochia Aristolochia 50% ethanol extract concentrate 10g/kg (2g/ml) and water in the same body from the esophagus for 3 consecutive days. After the last dose of 1 hour constant pressure (0.5kg/cm) spray concentrated ammonia (25-28%) stimulation for a certain time, the typical cough occurred three times within 1 minute was observed as a positive reaction. . The edt50 of Aristolochia group was 70.37, and the relative edt50 (r value) was 172.48%, while that of codeine group was 67.13, and the relative edt50 was 163.50%. It is known that R value > 130% has antitussive effect, and R value > 150% has obvious antitussive effect. The results showed that Aristolochia had obvious antitussive effect on the model of ammonium hydroxide spray induced cough, and the effect intensity was equivalent to that of codeine phosphate.

. The square wave stimulator, with a frequency of 40 times /s, a pulse width of 0.5ms, and an amplitude of 2.4V, continuously stimulated the superior laryngeal nerve for 5S, and the interval between the two stimuli was 3 minutes. The cat was stimulated for 3 times, and the average number of coughs was measured. Aristolochia 5g/kg and water in the same body were given from the esophagus, and the average number of coughs was measured in the same way 1 hour later. The difference of cough number before and after administration was 2.413 ± 0.83 (p< 0.05), indicating that Aristolochia has obvious antitussive effect on cough induced by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve in cats.

1.2. antiasthmatic effect: isolated guinea pig bronchopulmonary perfusion test proved that 1% infusion can make it diastolic and can resist bronchospasm caused by pilocarpine, acetylcholine and histamine, but can not resist spasm caused by barium chloride. 0.5ml (2g/ml) of Aristolochia oleifera dealcoholic extract can significantly inhibit 0.5ml (10g/ml) histamine induced spasm of guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle, indicating that it has a certain antiasthmatic effect.

1.3 expectorant effect: it is proved that oral Aristolochia Decoction (1g/kg) has a weak expectorant effect by measuring the airway mucus secretion of anesthetized rabbits, and the effect is not as good as that of asters and Aralia.

2. effects on blood pressure of normal rats: rats were lightly anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of urethane, and the blood pressure of rats' feet was measured by imitating Kersten method. Aristolochia was given 10g/kgx2 days from the esophagus, and the blood pressure of each rat was measured 1.5 hours after administration. The results showed that Aristolochia had no obvious antihypertensive effect on the blood pressure of normal rats.

3. anti inflammatory effect: 3.1. effect on capillary permeability in mice: Aristolochia oleifera 10g/kg has obvious inhibitory effect on the increase of skin capillary permeability in mice caused by 20ul/ intradermal injection of histamine (50ug/ml).

3.2. effects on inflammatory exudation and hyperplasia in rats: Aristolochia can not inhibit inflammatory exudation and hyperplasia caused by croton.

3.3. effect on the proliferation of cotton ball granuloma in rats: aristolochic has no obvious inhibitory effect on the proliferation of cotton ball granuloma in rats.

4. antibacterial effect: Aristolochia water extract (1:4) has certain inhibitory effect on common skin fungi in vitro. Fresh Aristolochia davidii fruits and leaves have inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus in test tubes. The effect of fruits is stronger than that of leaves. It is still effective after removing tannins. After heating, the antibacterial effect is reduced or lost, and it has no effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.