Aucklandia is a traditional bulk medicinal material, which is the composite plant AucklandiaAucklandia lappa The dried root of decne. is a variety recorded in the previous edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. It has the effects of strengthening the spleen and digesting food, promoting qi and relieving pain, and calming the fetus[1]It is widely developed and applied in the field of drugs and cosmetics. It is the main raw material of a variety of Chinese patent medicines and traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions, such as Muxiang SHUNQI pills, Liuwei Muxiang capsules, Muxiang pills, etc. because its root contains volatile oil and has a strong aroma, it is widely used as spices[2].
In the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, only costunolide (CNL) and dehydrocostus lactone (DHC) are used as index components. It is difficult to systematically explain the relationship between "efficacy component quality" of Radix Aucklandiae and build a quality evaluation system related to traditional efficacy and clinical efficacy, which is an important issue for the development of Radix Aucklandiae industry and drug safety. In recent years, with the gradual deepening of the research on Aucklandia, great progress has been made in the study of its chemical components and pharmacological effects. Volatile oil, terpenoids, glycosides and other components with gastrointestinal function regulation, anti-tumor, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects have been isolated from Aucklandia[3]。
At present, although some scholars have reviewed the chemical constituents and biological activities of Aucklandia[3-8]However, there is no relevant research that systematically explains the quality evaluation of Aucklandia from the perspective of quality marker, which limits the establishment of scientific quality evaluation system of Aucklandia. .
1 Textual research on materia medica
Chinese Pharmacopoeia records that Aucklandia is a composite herbAucklandia lappa Decne.， However, according to the textual research on the origin of Radix Aucklandiae, there was a phenomenon of the mixture of Radix Aucklandiae, Radix Bupleuri, Radix Chuanmu and Radix Aucklandiae in ancient times. The name "Muxiang" was first seen in the Shennong materia medica classic, saying: "it tastes pungent and warm. It is the master of evil Qi, avoids poison, pestilence and ghosts, strengthens ambition, and is the master of dew... It lives in the Yongchang valley."[9]Yongchang here is now Baoshan, Yunnan Province. Zhang Nanping verified that the original plant of Aucklandia recorded in documents before the Tang Dynasty was a woody plant belonging to the genus Aquilaria of Daphne family[10]According to the annals of Yunnan in the Tang Dynasty, "the fragrance of green wood comes from Yongchang, and its mountain is called the fragrant mountain of green wood, which is located in the south of Yongchang."[11]Qingmuxiangshan is located in the present Lincang City, Yunnan Province. The aloes yunnanensis distributed in this areaAquilaria yunnanensis S. C. Huang is consistent with it, so the "woody fragrance" of Yongchang in Shennong materia medica classic is not the composite herb woody fragrance used in Chinese Pharmacopoeia today.
Since the "newly revised Materia Medica" of the Tang Dynasty, Aucklandia has been classified as a herb, which contains "this is also called qingmuxiang, which is now imported from foreign countries to treat poison and swelling, eliminate evil Qi, and has been proven,... There are two kinds of this, which should be better for those who come from Kunlun, but not for those who come from Xihu."[12]According to the "herbal medicine of syndrome category", it is also said that "people who come from the Kunlun ship like withered bones are good, and those who come from Xihu are not good". The above "Xihu" is a general term for all ethnic groups in the western regions in ancient times[13]According to the "biography of the western regions" quoted under the woody incense section of the "materia medica of syndromes": "the state of Cao is rich in green wood fragrance, and it is in the north of the Congling mountains". The state of Cao, one of the Xihu, is located between Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, and Kandahar[14]CEN Shen, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, wrote in the xuanshangrenyuan of Longxing Temple in Lintao, chanting the fragrance of green trees at the same time: "the roots were moved from afar and planted in the monk's room.
The new flowers in June and the leaves in spring have grown ", confirming that a kind of Aucklandia recorded in the newly revised materia medica had been introduced and cultivated in the Tang Dynasty. According to the research, the introduction of Aucklandia in Pharmacopoeia was not successful until the 1930s in China[16]In addition, according to the Song Dynasty's "emergency materia medica for restoring politics and classics and histories", the wood fragrance has leaves that grow like sheep's feet. The flowers are like chrysanthemums. In fact, they are yellow and black, and there are also some of them. "[17]Chinese scholars have identified this kind of "where there is also" wood incense in the Tang Dynasty as TuxiangInula helenium L.[18]Prasad, an Indian scholar, has confirmed that the racemose tulip, a confused product of AucklandiaInula recemosa Hook. f.， It is still widely used in India[19]Therefore, the Muxiang produced from Xihu with poor quality recorded in the newly revised materia medica should be CompositaeInula 50. Genus, rather than the current Chinese Pharmacopoeia collected wood incense.
; The quality of Aucklandia is related to its source, shape, taste and other factors. The main characteristics of high-quality Aucklandia are "shape like withered bone", "bitter taste and sticky teeth" [16]. According to the "collection of Materia Medica advocating the original", it is said that "the five scented incense is also the woody fragrance, and the one with bitter taste and sticky teeth is true" [21]; According to the essence of Materia Medica collection, "it is better to be like withered bones, with frivolous roots, bitter and sticky tongue, and pseudonymous woody fragrance" [22]; The Ming Dynasty's "materia medica Mengquan" contains wood incense: "non toxic from foreign countries, from Fujian and Guangdong, shaped like withered bones, bitter mouth and sticky teeth". In addition, the "eliminating evil Qi" contained in the newly revised materia medica is consistent with the current "Chinese Pharmacopoeia" records of the "movement Qi" of Radix Aucklandiae.
Therefore, the high-quality "eliminate evil Qi, come from Kunlun" recorded in the newly revised materia medica is the wood incense used in the current Chinese PharmacopoeiaA. lappa Decne.， . Since the 1930s, Chinese Aucklandia has been introduced from India to Lijiang, Yunnan, and then to Sichuan, Gansu and other places; At present, it is mainly concentrated in Yunnan, Sichuan, Shaanxi and other places [16]. In 1959, Yunnan Aucklandia was first exported. Because of its good quality, it was known as "Yunnan Aucklandia". It was exported in large quantities and became a genuine medicinal material. To sum up, according to the herbal literature records, ancient Aucklandia was mainly produced abroad, and China's production history is less than a hundred years, so the understanding and evaluation of its quality is still relatively vague.
2 chemical composition
At present, there are a total of 250 chemical constituents isolated and identified from Aucklandia, which can be divided into terpenoids (142 sesquiterpenoids, 43 monoterpenoids, 8 triterpenoids), 2 anthraquinones, 4 flavonoid glycosides, 4 lignan glycosides and 47 others according to their structural types. In addition, Yang Hui et al[2]It also contains more than 20 kinds of amino acids and cholamines.
2.1 Sesquiterpenoids
Sesquiterpenoids are the main and characteristic components of Aucklandia, with a wide variety and abundance. Its basic mother nucleus is 3 isoprene units, containing 15 carbon atoms. At present, several sesquiterpenoids have been isolated from Aucklandia, such as CNL, dihydroaucklandine and DHC（1～142）, see Table 1 for relevant compound information.
2.2 Monoterpenes
Monoterpenoids exist in a variety of plants, including acyclic (chain) monoterpenes, monocyclic monoterpenes, bicyclic monoterpenes, etc. their mother nucleus structure is mainly composed of 2 isoprene units, containing 10 carbon atoms. At present, a variety of monoterpenoids such as terpineol, carvacene, carvacrol have been isolated from Aucklandia（143～185）.
2.3 Triterpenoids
The main triterpenoids isolated from Aucklandia are betulin, squalene, aucklandione, etc（186～193）, see Table 3 for relevant compound information.
2.4 Glycosides
Glycosides, also known as glycosides, refer to acetal derivatives formed by the reaction of hemiacetal hydroxyl groups of monosaccharides with hydroxyl groups of alcohols or phenols, which can be divided into anthraquinone glycosides, lignan glycosides, flavonoid glycosides, etc. according to different aglycones. At present, two anthraquinone glycosides have been isolated from Aucklandia（194、195）, 4 lignan glycosides synthesized by bimolecular polymerization of phenylpropanoid（196～199）, 4 flavonoid glycosides containing keto carbonyls（200～203）And other glycosides（204～207）, see Table 4 for relevant information.
2.5 Other classes
In addition to the above components, anthraquinones, flavonoids, higher fatty acids, as well as small aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, acids and other components were also isolated from Aucklandia（208～250）, see Table 5 for relevant compound information.
3 pharmacological action
3.1 Effect on digestive system
. Both Muxiang Decoction [55] and volatile oil [56] can promote gastric emptying and intestinal propulsion in a dose-dependent manner [55]; Further studies showed that CNL can significantly promote intestinal propulsion in spleen deficiency mice, and both CNL and DHC can promote gastric emptying in spleen deficiency mice [57]; The extract of Radix Aucklandiae has a significant inhibitory effect on gastric ulcer [58-60], and does not inhibit gastric acid secretion [58], and has a alleviating effect on acute gastric mucosal injury [61]; In addition, CNL has significant anti-inflammatory and cholagogic effects [62], and Aucklandia extract can effectively inhibit gastrointestinal smooth muscle spasm [56, 63], and relieve hyperexcitability [56, 63]; It also has antidiarrheal [64] and analgesic [65] effects, which provides a reasonable basis for the clinical research of Aucklandia.
3.2 antitumor activity
Radix Aucklandiae is widely used in the clinical treatment of tumors. According to the analysis of the law of tumor medication in Puji Fang database by wangxuying et al. [66], it was found that among the disease names and symptoms similar to tumors, Radix Aucklandiae was the second most frequently used. A large number of pharmacological studies have confirmed that the active ingredients in Aucklandia aromatica have significant effects on lung cancer [67], liver cancer [68], prostate cancer [69-70], bladder cancer [71]; ; The proliferation of tumor cells such as gastric cancer, acute promyelocytic leukemia [74] and chronic myeloid leukemia [75] can be inhibited. See Table 6 for relevant pharmacology and mechanism of action.
3.3 anti-inflammatory effect
Studies have found that the extract of Aucklandia can reduce inflammatory cell infiltration and synovial hyperplasia, reduce serum C-reactive protein, interleukin-1beta (IL-1 β), interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf- α), and improve arthritis in rats [87]; .
Treatment of mouse mast cell line mc/9 cells with methanol extract for 24 h can significantly reduce histamine release [89]; The dermatitis fraction, the levels of immunoglobulin E (IGE) and thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC) in serum of nc/nga mice induced by house dust mite decreased after treatment with the extract, suggesting that Aucklandia has anti-inflammatory effects [90]; ;
In addition, CNL、DHC、 Coumarin has the potential to treat inflammatory skin diseases, and its mechanism is to reduce the mRNA expression of tarc/ccl17 in HaCaT cells, factors that regulate the expression and secretion of activated normal T cells, macrophage derived chemokines and interleukin-8 [91]; DHC can significantly reduce the levels of IL-1 β and tnf- α in the serum of septic mice [88], and can inhibit the initiation and assembly phase of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inhibiting the oligomerization of apoptosis related speck like protein [92]; CNL、DHC、 Acetone extract can significantly reduce the production of inflammatory lung eosinophils, type 2 cytokines, and specific Ig E and mucus in allergic mice [93].
3.4 Antibacterial action
Studies have shown that the alcohol extract of lignans can inhibit the growth and acid production of Streptococcus mutans, reduce its adhesion, and significantly inhibit the synthesis of water-insoluble dextran, indicating that it can inhibit the formation of dental caries caused by Streptococcus mutans [94]; Further study found that DHC and CNL have certain inhibitory effects on the growth, acid production and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans [95]; Different extracts of Aucklandia have inhibitory effects on Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and fungi (Candida albicans), and the antibacterial effect of organic solvent extract is better than that of water extract, suggesting that volatile oil or terpenoids with small polarity are antibacterial active substances [96]; The alcohol extract and ether extract of Lignum caryophyllum had certain antibacterial effects on Fusarium moniliforme [97] and Helicobacter pylori [98], respectively;the results showed that the ethanol extract and ether extract of Lignum caryophyllum had certain antibacterial effects on Fusarium moniliforme [97] and Helicobacter pylori [; The extract can be used as an adjunct to root planing, and has no significant difference from the broad-spectrum antibacterial agent chlorhexidine gluconate group [99]. In addition, studies have found that the volatile oil of Aucklandia has strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and dose dependently inhibits the production of α - toxin, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, and enterotoxins A and B [100].
3.5 Other roles
In addition to the above pharmacological effects, Aucklandia also has antioxidant, cardiotonic, anticonvulsant, hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective effects. ; The scavenging activity of Aucklandia extract on diphenylpicrylphenylhydrazine free radical is equivalent to that of vitamin E, it has inhibitory effect on low-density lipoprotein [101], and it can also prevent tissue lipid peroxidation damage and protect DNA from oxidative damage [102].
The water extract had significant dose-dependent activity against isoproterenol induced myocardial injury, and could significantly restore the levels of myocardial lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, thiobarbituric acid reactant and glutathione, which was similar to the positive drug α-Tocopherol has comparable effects [103]; The methanol extract has a significant negative inotropic effect on isolated hearts, showing a significant positive inotropic effect at doses of 0.5, 2.5, and 5.0 μ g [104].
Petroleum ether and ethanol extracts have a good inhibitory effect on pentylenetetrazole and Momordica charantia toxin induced convulsions in mice, and the water extract can significantly increase the latency of paroxysmal convulsions in mice, and reduce the seizures and mortality [105]; CNL can inhibit dopaminergic neuron cytotoxicity caused by dopamine, thereby protecting the nerve center, and its mechanism is related to regulating the expression of dopamine metabolism related genes [106]. CNL and DHC can significantly enhance serum superoxide dismutase activity and significantly reduce serum malondialdehyde and blood glucose levels in diabetic mice, the mechanism of which is to inhibit oxidative stress and reduce insulin resistance [107].
; Aucklandia extract can reduce the levels of glutamic pyruvic transaminase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase induced by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide in mice, play a hepatoprotective role [109], and can improve sperm abnormalities in rats, reduce testicular tissue and DNA damage, inhibit p53 protein expression, and have potential preventive and therapeutic effects on reproductive toxicity in rats [110]; Aucklandia polysaccharide APS-2 has good anti complement activity, and its targets are complement factors C1q, C2, C3, C5 and c9[111], which is expected to be developed into a therapeutic drug for immune diseases.
4 clinical application
Aucklandia is widely used in clinic, mainly in the form of compound. Ancient doctors often used Aucklandia combined with different traditional Chinese medicines to treat abdominal pain, epigastric pain, diarrhea, hiccup, vomiting and other diseases. For example, in the Song Dynasty, Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang, Da Xianglian pill is a combination of Radix Aucklandiae and Rhizoma Coptidis to treat diarrhea due to damp heat [112]; ; In the Qing Dynasty's "rhinoceros candle of the origin of miscellaneous diseases", Muxiang poqi powder is a combination of Muxiang and other traditional Chinese medicines to treat chest and diaphragm stuffiness, abdominal distension and pain, vomiting and nausea, belching and stupor.
Modern clinical application in Materia Medica is basically the same, mainly used for the treatment of digestive system diseases. Muxiang SHUNQI pill can promote anal exhaust and defecation, reduce gastrointestinal reaction complications, and promote postoperative rehabilitation [114]. Muxiang SHUNQI powder is used to treat functional dyspepsia, and the total clinical effective rate is 96.55%[115]; ; On the basis of conventional western medicine treatment, combined application of Radix Aucklandiae and Rhizoma Coptidis showed that the symptoms of diarrhea and abdominal pain in patients with chronic ulcerative colitis were significantly improved [118]; Liuwei Muxiang capsule has a total effective rate of 95% in the treatment of chronic gastritis [119]; 80 cases of abdominal distension were treated with self-made Muxiang powder applied to the umbilicus, and the total effective rate was 97.5%[120]; Muxiang SHUNQI pill was used in the treatment of abdominal distension in patients with malignant ascites, and it was found that the effective rate of the treatment group was 75.00%, which was better than that of the control group [121].
In addition, it was found that bilirubin, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and other indicators of patients with chronic hepatitis B were improved by using Aucklandia [122]; ; The use of Aucklandia in the treatment of male infertility found that 68% of patients had mild improvement, 20% of patients had no significant change, and 12% of patients had moderate improvement [124].
5 Quality marker prediction analysis
5.1 Prediction and analysis of quality marker of Aucklandia based on plant phylogeny and chemical composition specificity
Aucklandia belongs to the genus Coreopsis of CompositaeSaussurea . Studies have shown that sesquiterpenoids are the most widely distributed components in the genus Coreopsis [125], and their biosynthetic pathways include mevalonate pathway, deoxyxylose-5-phosphate pathway and methyl erythritol 4-phosphate pathway [126]. Compared with other plants of the same genus, there are differences in the species of sesquiterpenes in Aucklandia, such as the geranyl sesquiterpenoid components aucklandine lactone, dihydrodesaucklandine lactone, etc., which are unique to it [125]; In addition, studies have shown that the contents of CNL, DHC, and xylitol in Aucklandia from different origins vary greatly [28, 127]. In view of the types of sesquiterpenoids in Aucklandia and the influence of growth environment, its volatile oil components such as CNL, DHC, and xylitol can be used as quality markers for Aucklandia.
5.2 Quality marker prediction analysis based on the correlation between ingredients and traditional efficacy
The traditional efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine is the theoretical basis for clinical medication, and determining the chemical components associated with efficacy is the key to quality marker screening. The application of Aucklandia was first published in the newly revised Materia Medica, which "has proved effective in treating toxic swelling, eliminating evil Qi"; ; "Theory of medicinal properties" contains: "cholera vomiting and diarrhea, abdominal Pandora stabbing"; "Compendium of Materia Medica" contains: "promoting qi and relieving pain, strengthening spleen and stomach"; "Chinese genuine medicinal materials" contains "promoting qi and relieving pain, drying dampness and stopping dysentery"; According to the Pharmacopoeia of the People'sRepublic ofChina, "it can promote qi and relieve pain, strengthen the spleen and eliminate food consumption; it is used for chest and flank pain, abdominal distension, diarrhea and diarrhea, and it is heavy after diarrhea, and food accumulation does not disappear, so it does not think about diet". It can be seen that the herbal medicine of past dynasties records that Aucklandia has the function of promoting qi and strengthening the spleen, which is mainly used for abdominal distension, diarrhea, dysentery, etc.
Modern research shows that the volatile oil of Aucklandia has strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and CNL and DHC have the effects of regulating gastrointestinal motility, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory [62, 97, 128]; 3,5 contained-O-Dicaffeoylquinic acid has strong hydrophilicity, can be transferred to the decoction better, and has good antioxidant and antibacterial effects [54]; All the above are consistent with the traditional efficacy of Aucklandia. Therefore, the volatile oil of Aucklandia spp., especially CNL, DHC and 3,5-O-Dicaffeoylquinic acid should be the main choice of quality marker.
5.3
The property of traditional Chinese medicine is a high summary of the basic properties and characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine, and its nature, taste and meridian tropism are important basis for guiding the clinical use of traditional Chinese medicine [129]. The woody fragrance is warm in nature, pungent and bitter in taste, and can be used to guide the spleen, stomach, large intestine, triple energizer and gallbladder meridian. According to "pungent taste", "pungent taste can disperse and work, and has the functions of dispersing, transporting Qi, and Dissipating Dampness, which is suitable for symptoms, dampness resistance and other syndromes" [130]; Cold dampness internal resistance is mostly manifested as abdominal distension and pain, pungent and feasible Qi, which is generally associated with gastrointestinal motility [131]; "Bitter taste can release, dry and firm", that is, it has the functions of clearing away fire and heat, releasing adverse Qi, purging stool, drying dampness and strengthening Yin [132]. The combination of "bitter and bitter" can reduce and unblock the evil Qi that is trapped in the liver and gallbladder, and the accumulation of yin and cold can also be allowed to go out [133].The combination of "bitter and bitter" and "bitter" can reduce the blood pressure and promote the blood circulation....the evil Qi that is trapped in the liver and gallbladder can be exposed to the outside. Therefore, the modern research on CNL and DHC "regulating gastrointestinal function, anti-inflammatory and cholagogic" is consistent with their nature and taste "pungent and bitter, returning to the spleen, stomach, large intestine and Gallbladder Meridian". A large number of studies have shown that pungent drugs contain significantly more terpenoids and volatile oils than other components[134]Therefore, according to the correlation between the properties and components of Aucklandia, its volatile oil components are important quality markers of Aucklandia.
5.4 Quality marker prediction analysis based on compound compatibility environment
In clinical practice, Radix Aucklandiae often appears in the form of prescription compatibility. Muxiang areca pill, a famous prescription with Muxiang as the king drug, is commonly used in clinic to treat various digestive system diseases such as gastritis, bacillary dysentery, ulcerative colitis and intestinal dysfunction[135]， LC-MS study showed that DHC, the main component of Radix Aucklandiae, was detected[136]In addition, Muxiang SHUNQI pill is a traditional Chinese medicine compound preparation composed of Muxiang, Amomum villosum, vinegar Cyperus, areca, licorice, tangerine peel, Magnolia officinalis, Fructus aurantii (fried), Rhizoma Atractylodis (fried), green peel (fried) and ginger. Muxiang is the monarch medicine in the prescription, which has the effects of activating qi and dampness, strengthening spleen and stomach; [114, 137-138]The fingerprint study showed that CNL and DHC were detected[139], a large number of studies have shown that CNL and DHC have anti-inflammatory effects and can promote gastric emptying in spleen deficiency mice[57]Therefore, terpenoids, mainly CNL and DHC, play a role in the compatibility environment, which is consistent with the research results of modern pharmacology in regulating gastrointestinal function, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and other aspects. The above ingredients can be used as a reference for quality marker screening in the compatibility of Aucklandia spp.
5.5 Prediction and analysis of the quantity of lignan markers based on component measurability
The measurability of chemical composition is one of the important basis for determining quality marker. Previous studies have shown that the chemical components CNL and DHC contained in Aucklandia can be determined by HPLC[127-128], lixiaoli et al[54]-O-; Chenfeilong[30], baoyumin, et al[46]A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the detection of volatile oil from Aucklandia was established, and 46 and 53 volatile components were identified respectively, providing a new method for the quality evaluation of Aucklandia. In conclusion, terpenoids in Aucklandia, 3,5-O-Dicaffeoylquinic acid and volatile oil can be quantitatively analyzed by a variety of analysis methods, and can be selected as the quality marker of Aucklandia.
6 epilogue
As a traditional Chinese medicine, Radix Aucklandiae has a long history of medicine and has a wide range of pharmacological activities. With the deepening of modern research, many pharmacological effects of Radix Aucklandiae have also been found, such as anti-tumor, antibacterial and so on. [54]In addition, CNL and DHC also exist in other commonly used traditional Chinese medicines, such as chuanmuxiangVladimiriae RadixIn [1], so it is only used as the quality control index of Aucklandia, which has poor specificity and specificity, and it is difficult to reflect the quality characteristics of Aucklandia. The efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine is inseparable from its chemical components. As a medicine for promoting Qi, the sesquiterpenoids CNL and DHC are the main material basis for its promotion of gastrointestinal motility and anti-inflammatory[62, 97, 128]At the same time, Aucklandia also has anti ulcer, antidiarrheal, antibacterial and other effects[58, 64, 97], which contains 3,5-O-Dicaffeoylquinic acid and other water-soluble components may also be the material basis for its treatment of gastrointestinal diseases[54]。
Therefore, only taking CNL and DHC as the quality control indicators of Aucklandia is not strongly correlated with its efficacy related substances, which cannot meet the requirements of quality control and evaluation. Establishing a scientific and reasonable quality evaluation method is of great significance to ensure the quality of Aucklandia and promote the development of health industry.
In this paper, the chemical composition, pharmacological effects and clinical applications of Aucklandia were summarized. On this basis, according to the concept of quality marker of traditional Chinese medicine, the quality marker was predicted and analyzed from the aspects of plant relatives, traditional efficacy, traditional medicinal properties, component measurability, compound compatibility and so on. It was presumed that terpenoids and volatile oil in Aucklandia could be used as its quality marker, such as CNL, DHC, 3,5-O-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, etc. It provides ideas and methods for the selection of quality marker of Aucklandia, so as to establish a more scientific and perfect quality evaluation standard of Aucklandia.
Conflict of interest All authors declare no conflict of interest
References (omitted)
Source: zhengjiamei, Shang Mingyue, Wang Jiale, Dai guona, song Jingyuan, Duan Baozhong. Research progress and quality marker prediction of chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, clinical applications of Aucklandia spp. [j]. Chinese herbal medicine, 2022, 53 (13): 4198-4213